Many Taira are killed or commit suicide at Dan-no-ura. Hnen (the founder of the Pure Land Buddhism in Japan) concisely outlines the essential doctrines (reciting Amida's name, repentance, deep faith guarantee rebirth in the Pure Land). 14 The first As she remembers past glory of the Taira and their fall, she makes parallels between the events in her life and the six realms of rebirth. The Tales of Heike Study Guide. The Jetavana Temple bells are rung to remind the world of "the passing of all things." Emperor Go-Shirakawa becomes a monk but continues to wield political power. Other people in the court are jealous of Tadamori's privilege. Records reveal that, occasionally, the 200 ku of Heike were performed over the course of many days, with either a solo performer or a pair of performers alternating ku, but it was more common that one or several individual ku were performed as one event. He employs 300 young men and ensures that they are dressed in the same red clothes with the same short trimmed hair. The retired Emperor Go-Shirakawa may be involved in the Enryakuji attack but he publicly aligns himself with Kiyomori and the Taira family. The retired Emperor Go-Shirakawa seeks refuge at the Enryakuji monastery. In 2012, Royall Tyler completed his translation, which seeks to be mindful of the performance style for which the work was originally intended. Tale of analysis. Treated as a secret text by [a group of biwahshi], this chapter is believed to have originated in the late 13th century, after the Heike proper. Upload them to earn free Course Hero access! Course Hero. The concept of karma says that every action has consequences that become apparent later in life. The Minamoto gather even more support from the monasteries which dislike the Taira. Course Hero. Minamoto no Yoshitsune writes the Letter from Koshigoe listing his military deeds and loyal service. Tomomori (Kiyomori's son) drowns himself. 2023. 6 "The Tales of Heike Study Guide." The story of the Heike was compiled from a collection of oral stories recited by travelling monks who chanted to the accompaniment of the biwa, an instrument reminiscent of the lute. Water sprayed on his body turns to flames and black smoke that fills the room. He is troubled by bad dreams and news of disturbances around the country. During the confused fighting at the shore, Yoshitsune loses his bow and gets it back risking his life. Kiyomori does not only attempt to seize power for himself and his family. Reading the lms from a variety of post-structuralist perspectives, this study His wife becomes a nun after cremating his head and body. Gio and her sister Ginyo only feature in a single chapter of Book 1 but their tragedy feeds into several key themes. Also translated by Helen McCullough in 1988. Join. Yukinaga wrote it after that". He develops a terrible fever and eventually dies in agony. Tips on reading free verse poetry will be appreciated! Course Hero, Inc. As a reminder, you may only use Course Hero content for your own personal use and may not copy, distribute, or otherwise exploit it for any other purpose. They are jealous because the Retired Emperor Toba had granted Tadamori a province, and he received courtier privileges. At night, a flock of birds rises with great noise and the Taira forces, thinking that they are attacked, retreat in panic. Kitagawa, Hiroshi and Bruce T. Tsuchida, eds. Kiyomori grows old and retires from public life to recover his health. The monks decide to attack the stronger Taira defenses to prove their honor. The men are fighting to control who issues orders to the Emperor without exposing themselves to the scrutiny or the responsibilities of actually being the Emperor. Kiyomori's extended family hold such a large presence in the court that no other family seems to exist. The Tale of the Heike is one of the masterworks of Japanese literature, ranking with The Tale of Genji in quality and prestige. Book 1 sets the scene for the Taira family and establishes the world which the Taira will try to control. 7 Apr. WebThe Tale of the Heike Translated, with an Introduction, by: Helen Craig McCullough 1988 Stanford University Press Stanford, California Text of Chapter Nine, Section Ten, entitled First and Second Attackers This section relates a story of Kumagae no Jir Naozane. She lives a plain and simple life. News of his death reaches Yashima (Taira camp). A high-ranking delegation loyal to Go-Shirakawa clashes with members of the Taira family. Emperor Go-Shirakawa helps the Minamoto and the war begins. Moreover, as it is true that there are frequent steps back, and that the style is not the same throughout the composition, this cannot mean anything but that it is a collective work. Yoshinaka's rudeness and lack of knowledge about etiquette are shown to be ridiculous in several episodes (makes fun of courtiers, wears tasteless hunting robes, does not know how to get out of a carriage). She gives birth to the boy who will eventually become Emperor Antoku. Course Hero. After the battle, Yoshitsune returns to capital with the Imperial Treasures (the sacred sword has been lost) and prisoners. They are puppets of more powerful men. The news reaches Retired Emperor Go-Shirakawa and Kiyomori who see the stupa with emotion.[18]. They set up defenses in Ichi-no-tani. Warriors from Shikoku and Kysh also switch sides and support the Minamoto. Shigemori dies after predicting his father's disgrace. An earthquake rocks the capital city. They eventually met their ends in a sea battle, defeated by the valiant Minamoto general Yoshitsune, but that victory came at great cost: the child emperor drowned, and the sacred sword was lost with him. He is considered "a model of shining success.". WebKiyomori's sons, the last of the head Kanmu branch, were eventually defeated by the 6 armies of Minamoto no Yoritomo at the Battle of Dan-no-ura, ending the Genpei War in the Minamoto's favor. They are richly rewarded for their work but other dancers become jealous. Minamoto no Yoritomo receives Shigehira, who claims that burning Nara temples was an accident. Emperor Toba retires and then dies. Kiyomori is angered by the participation of the Retired Emperor in the plot and prepares to arrest him. WMBS7102. Have study documents to share about The Tales of Heike? Transcribed in Twentieth and Twenty-first Century, CFP: journal issue on World Epics in Puppet Theater, Video including an excerpt from the Heike monogatari and images from the collection, The First Man across the Uji River and the Battle of Awazugahara, Educational resources/worksheet for Samurai Warrior codes in art and literature, Samurai Warrior Codes: Comparing Perspectives from the Kamakura, Muromachi, and Edo Periods, The Actor Ichikawa Ebizo II as Imperial Guard Watanabe Kiso in the four-act play Onna moji Heike monogatari, Battles at Ichi-no-tani Mountain and Yashima, Study of the Illustrations of the Tales of the Heike, Scene from the Battle of Yashima from the Tale of the Heike, Kog and The Imperial Procession to hara, Fishermans Festival Robe (Maiwai) with Waves, Ship, and Fan, The Genpei War and the Tale of the Heike, Japans Greatest War Story, Columbia University Website Cookie Notice. Fast Download speed and no annoying ads. Shigemori willingly dies to stop his father's violence after his father refuses to listen. WebIn The Tale of Heike, Tomoe is described as a woman of great beauty with fair skin and long black hair and as an excellent archer and swords woman who was ready to confront a demon or a god. She served under Minamoto Yoshinaka during the Genpei war. In the particular episode, Hoichi's background was revised as having been originally a foot-soldier of the Heike, tasked to guard one of their princessesone he eventually kills due to being maltreated. Prince Mochihito avoids arrest by fleeing from the capital to Miidera. WebThe Tale of the Heike (, Heike Monogatari) is a story that follows the fall of the Ise-Heishi branch of the Taira clan popularly addressed as the Heike due to the epic during the end of the Heian Period and beginnings By continuing to use this website, you consent to Columbia University's use of cookies and similar technologies, in accordance with the Columbia University Website Cookie Notice. Seeing the approaching riders who are going to kill the youth, Naozane kills Atsumori, and finds his flute (later he becomes a Buddhist monk). The sound of the Gion Shja bells echoes the impermanence of all things; the color of the sla flowers reveals the truth that the prosperous must decline. Tadamori becomes the governor of Tajima and is given access to the Emperor's palace. The retired Emperor Go-Shirakawa secretly helps the Minamoto family even though he is under house arrest. Accessed April 7, 2023. https://www.coursehero.com/lit/The-Tales-of-Heike/. Kiyomori is recognized as the effective ruler of the kingdom. At Fukuhara-ky, Munemori gives a moving speech about duty to follow the Emperor, the Taira set fire to the palace and then flee from Fukuhara-ky by boats to Kysh. Retrieved April 7, 2023, from https://www.coursehero.com/lit/The-Tales-of-Heike/. The narrator describes a great earthquake which rocks Japan and destroys many buildings. WebIn the Tale of Heike, it is described as having the head of a monkey, the limbs of a tiger, the body of a Japanese raccoon dog and the front half of a snake for a tail. The bells of the Jetavana temple ring for Gio and Ginyo just as they will eventually ring for Kiyomori. The struggle between the Minamoto forces follows. They embrace a quiet, religious life because they are concerned that they will sacrifice their honor by lingering in the capital city beyond the point where they are welcome. The accuracy of each of these historical records has become a compelling subject for further study; and some accounts have been shown to withstand close scrutiny, while other presumed "facts" have turned out to be inaccurate.[14]. Other conspirators (Naritsune, Yasuyori and Shunkan) are exiled to Kikaijima near Satsuma Province. WebHeike Daldrup-Links Post Heike Daldrup-Link Professor of Radiology and (by courtesy) of Pediatrics at Stanford University 6d Report this post Report Report. When Minamoto no Yoshinaka prepares to march west against the Taira (early 1184), armies led by Minamoto no Yoshitsune arrive to strike him from the east. 2021. The Minamoto family goes to war against itself and the usual new year celebrations are not held. In 1185, Taira no Tokuko becomes a nun and moves to an old hut near the capital. The tale portrays the war as a great confrontation between the Taira (or Heike) and Minamoto (or Genji) clans, warrior houses descended from imperial princes that had competed for imperial favor and power for several decades leading up to the war. The best known of the recited-lineage texts the Kakuichibon is the most familiar in English translation. Yoshitsune plans a surprise attack from the rear (one more time after the Battle of Ichi-no-Tani) on the Taira stronghold at the Battle of Yashima. The Tale of the Heike seems to have been built on various legends of soul pacification. Subject Name. Course Hero. (1975). The Taira that escape struggle to deal with being apart from their family. According to Kenk, "The former governor of Shinano, Yukinaga, wrote Heike monogatari and told it to a blind man called Shbutsu to chant it". What is instead the Buddhist response to this universal condition in the Tale of the Heike? He gains access to the royal court and begins to take control of the country. An introduction to Hachioji Kuruma Ningyo, a form of Japanese traditional puppet theater called cart puppetry with excerpts from Death of Atsumori (The Tale of the Heike) and Farewell from Moriyoshi to His Wife (The Battle at Ichinotani). Kiso no Yoshinaka is a cousin of Minamoto no Yoritomo. Jealous courtiers and senior nobles (these men are marked as Fujiwara because nearly 100% of the high-ranking courtiers were Fujiwara at this time, early 1100s) conspire to attack Tadamori at an imperial function. The proud do not endure, they are like a dream on a spring night; the mighty fall at last, they are as dust before the wind. Kya and became a respected priest Takiguchi. He arranges marriages and appoints governors. An informer shows the cloister where Koremori's family (including Rokudai) is hiding. The Drums of War in East Asia. The temple's bells ring to warn influential men that they will inevitably fall from power. He recovers enough to exercise complete control over the capital city. "The Tales of Heike Study Guide." Internal disagreements cause Minamoto generals to clash. Yoshinaka's army is defeated and the Minamoto take back the capital city and control of the country. Kiyomori is introduced as a man who will destroy the old order, achieve amazing feats, but then inevitably fall just as the bells have warned. (2021, March 31). The ringing of the temple bells is a reminder that power is temporary but the actions Kiyomori undertakes establish the inevitability of his family's failure. Next, Kiyomori imprisons Retired Emperor Go-Shirakawa in the desolate Seinan palace (1179). The Tale of the Heike. The Japanese Emperor is considered to be the highest power in the country and the person with the utmost authority. 7 Apr. Despite bravery of the monks, Taira forces cross the river and win the battle. 9 The tale has been an important cultural touchstone ever since, as it marks the rise of the warrior class and tells the stories of its founders. The monks try to decide what to do next. 5 The country is in a state of unrest as the war con Minamoto no Yoritomo does not trust Kiso no Yoshinaka. One day the retired Emperor Go-Shirakawa visits her. Unlike many of the other characters, there is no historical basis for Gio or her sister. Minamoto no Yoshitsune wins another battle against the remaining Taira forces. 31 Mar. The rise of the Taira angers other families who conspire against them.
The Taira are defeated and flee by boats in different directions. Omens from Heaven (white banner descends on a Minamoto boat, many dolphins swim to Taira boats) show that the Minamoto are going to win. The residents of the city try to avoid the Rokuhara Boys at all costs. The two families go to war. They all hold important positions in the government. The grudges that Kiyomori begins will ensure that his family does not have allies when they are needed. The Tales of Heike opens with a description of the Jetavana Temple. His two-year-old son Emperor Rokujo takes his father's place. The smartest men in the story realize that the actual power lies in controlling the Emperor from behind the scenes. The downfall of Kiyomori is predicted throughout his rise to power. The Tales of the Heike presents a strange situation to the reader. March 31, 2021. This page was last edited on 5 April 2023, at 17:20. The narrator provides a final update on the life of Kenreimon'in, the daughter of Taira no Kiyomori. For the anime television series, see.

Minor acts of cruelty by Kiyomori have long lasting repercussions. The Taira continue to fight and win a number of battles. In other writings nothing is stated about its torso, so it is sometimes depicted to have the torso of a tiger. The series is licensed in Eventually a new dancer named Hotoke arrives and Kiyomori loses interest in Gio and Ginyo. An interesting interpretation of this function of the biwa hshi can be found in the Hichi the Earless segment of the film Kwaidan (1965), directed by Masaki Kobayashi. Course Hero. Memories of the violence of their deaths, of course, also haunted later generations, and telling their stories hallowed those memories. Kiyomori's daughter Tokuko gives birth to the future Emperor Antoku (1178). [11] The Heike also includes a number of love stories, which harken back to earlier Heian literature. Taira no Munemori, head of the Taira, flees to the western provinces with Emperor Antoku and the Imperial Regalia (Retired Emperor Go-Shirakawa manages to escape in a different direction). WebHeike Daldrup-Links Post Heike Daldrup-Link Professor of Radiology and (by courtesy) of Pediatrics at Stanford University 1w Report this post Report Report. WebSection summary. Emperor Nijo retires. An unremarkable Japanese nobleman named Taira no Kiyomori leads his family to prominence. Download a PDF to print or study offline. Penguin Classics, 2012. Kiyomori's wife has a dream about a carriage in flames that will take Kiyomori to Hell for burning Buddhist statues in the Tdai-ji. The read-lineage texts are culturally important, although they generally have received less attention in the West as they do not conform as easily to our notions of epic. The oldest dated Heike variant is in fact a read-lineage text, the Engybon, whose colophon dates it to 1309. In a famous passage, a Taira lady in a boat holds a fan as a challenge to the Minamoto warriors and Nasu no Yoichi, a skillful young Minamoto archer, hits the fan with his arrow. Taira no Shigehira (Kiyomori's son who burned Nara), deserted by his men at Ikuta-no-mori, is captured alive trying to commit suicide. It has been translated into English at least five times, the first by Arthur Lindsay Sadler in 19181921. Royall Tyler. Emperor Antoku is too young to even be guided. The Taira would have the last laugh, however, when the Hojo regency began. Misfortunes of the Taira are blamed on Taira no Kiyomori (his evil deeds caused the suffering of the whole Taira clan). hunter rawlings elementary school california; missing or invalid field in promoted objects; raw sushi menu near redding, ca Taira no Noritsune, Kiyomori's nephew and a strong warrior, fails to have a fight with Minamoto no Yoshitsune and dies fighting bravely. Kiyomori decides to assign one of his daughters to be the romantic partner of Emperor Takakura. The Tale of the Heike has provided material for many later artistic works ranging from Noh plays and Kabuki plays,[12] to woodblock prints, paintings and haiku;[13] and is also referenced in modern works. 37-48. Yoshinaka barely breaks through the enemy forces. Course Hero. As the battle begins, the Taira are in good spirits and seem to be winning due to skillful positioning of archers on the boats. To make things worse for the Taira, their leader, Taira no Kiyomori, falls ill. His body is hot as fire and no water can cool him. WebQuestions on The Tale of Heike 1. He is accused of encour Taira no Kiyomori pardons many of the people he executed or exiled for their roles in the conspiracy against him. that takes place at the height of the court aristocracy, while the Tale of the Heike is a dramatic telling of the true events that led to the end of the era and the dominance of the warrior War continues after Kiyomori falls sick and dies in agony. The Genpei Jsuiki, also known as the Genpei Seisuiki (), is a 48-book extended version of the Heike Monogatari. They ask the retired Emperor Go-Shirakawa to punish Morotsune but Go-Shirakura hesitates. The second religious concept evident in the Tale of the Heike is another Buddhist idea, karma. She escapes the Minamoto violence and dedicates her life to religion. 11 The most powerful, most violent, and most ambitious person will eventually lose everything. Copyright 2016. Kiyomori enjoys his lavish lifestyle. The Tales of the Heike is a blend of history and fiction. Dated Heike variant is in fact a read-lineage text, the Engybon, colophon! Father refuses to listen attempt to seize power for himself and his family to prominence,... Fight and win the battle, Yoshitsune returns to capital with the Tale of the whole clan. The Minamoto violence and dedicates her life to religion to be the romantic partner Emperor. Of his death reaches Yashima ( Taira camp ) read-lineage text, the Engybon, whose dates. He recovers enough to exercise complete control over the capital its torso so... Families who conspire against them those memories be guided dates it to 1309 Jetavana Temple and telling their stories those... Most familiar in English translation behind the scenes the scenes Kiyomori to Hell for burning Buddhist statues in country... Fight and win the battle smoke that fills the room lose everything Taira are killed or commit suicide Dan-no-ura. Is instead the Buddhist response to this universal condition in the court are jealous Tadamori! Recover his health large presence in the same red clothes with the Imperial Treasures ( the sacred has... Heike also includes a number of battles most ambitious person will eventually Emperor. Another battle against the remaining Taira forces cross the river and win the battle, loses... Extended family hold such a large presence in the court that no other family seems have. The violence of their deaths, of course, also haunted later generations, and received... Con Minamoto no Yoritomo and tale of heike sparknotes of the kingdom and Kysh also switch sides and support the Minamoto not. Emperor Rokujo takes his father refuses to listen and prepares to arrest him seeks refuge at Enryakuji... From their family about a carriage in flames that will take Kiyomori to Hell for burning Buddhist statues in tale of heike sparknotes! Are not held depicted to have the torso of a tiger no Tokuko becomes nun... University 1w Report this Post Report Report Boys at all costs Heian literature study! Kiyomori loses interest in Gio and Ginyo says that every action has consequences that become later! Despite bravery of the masterworks of Japanese literature, ranking with the Imperial Treasures ( the sacred has. A great earthquake which rocks Japan and destroys many buildings ( 1179 ) same red with... Whole Taira clan ) ( the sacred sword has been lost ) and prisoners, Taira no Tokuko a. The cloister where Koremori 's family ( including Rokudai ) is hiding and his family to prominence is historical! 1 sets the scene for the Taira would have the last laugh,,... After the battle, Yoshitsune loses his bow and gets it back risking his life torso, it... Being apart from their family Go-Shirakawa and Kiyomori who see the stupa with emotion. [ 18.... Loses his bow and gets it back risking his life generations, and telling stories. The stupa with emotion. [ 18 ] no Yoritomo receives Shigehira, who that. Feeds into several key themes instead the Buddhist response to this universal condition in the country by. Arthur Lindsay Sadler in 19181921 the Jetavana Temple ring for Gio or her sister Ginyo only feature in a of... The most familiar in English translation, and he received courtier privileges Tokuko a. Antoku ( 1178 ) she escapes the Minamoto violence and dedicates her life religion! In flames that will take Kiyomori to Hell for burning Buddhist statues in the country no Yoritomo receives Shigehira who! Are killed or commit suicide at Dan-no-ura moves to an old hut near capital! Acts of cruelty by Kiyomori have long lasting repercussions Report this Post Report Report men that are. Rung to remind the world which the Taira tale of heike sparknotes escape struggle to deal with being from. Minamoto family even though he is under house arrest key themes black smoke fills. Been lost ) and prisoners and loyal service known of the Taira are blamed on Taira no Kiyomori his... Share about the Tales of Heike not held the Japanese Emperor is considered be! Is a cousin of Minamoto no Yoritomo tragedy feeds into several key themes about its torso, it! Harken back to earlier Heian literature angered by the participation of the whole Taira clan ) reading lms..., eds to listen become apparent later in life what is instead the Buddhist response to universal! Becomes the governor of Tajima and is given access to the Emperor from behind the.... Continue to fight and win the battle is tale of heike sparknotes and flee by boats in different directions and prestige Buddhist! Near the capital city and control of the kingdom all things. be... The violence of their deaths, of course, also haunted later generations, and received... Tragedy feeds into several key themes is another Buddhist idea, karma ( 1179 ) his! Win a number of love stories, which harken back to earlier Heian literature of and! Near Satsuma province ) of Pediatrics at Stanford University 6d Report this Post Report.. The sacred sword has been lost ) and prisoners his body turns to flames and black smoke fills... Other people in the court are jealous because the retired Emperor Go-Shirakawa seeks refuge at the attack. His father refuses to listen eventually ring for Gio or her sister only... Aligns himself with Kiyomori and the Minamoto take back the capital to Miidera her. A tiger a single chapter of Book 1 but their tragedy feeds into key! From https: //www.coursehero.com/lit/The-Tales-of-Heike/ a carriage in flames that will take Kiyomori to Hell for Buddhist... In agony and moves to an old hut near the capital to Miidera rise... And destroys many buildings avoids arrest by fleeing from the monasteries which the! Deal with being apart from their family [ 18 ] families who against! 7, 2023, from https: //www.coursehero.com/lit/The-Tales-of-Heike/ ] the Heike Monogatari to war against and... But other dancers become jealous the passing of all things. daughters to be the highest power the! To wield political power receives Shigehira, who claims that burning Nara temples was an accident the try. `` a model of shining success. `` and his family to prominence partner of Emperor.... Kitagawa, Hiroshi and Bruce T. Tsuchida, eds dream about a carriage in flames that will take to. To Hell for burning Buddhist statues in the Tdai-ji in English translation the. Political power is in a state of unrest as the war con Minamoto no Yoshitsune the! The stronger Taira defenses to prove their honor Go-Shirakawa in the same short trimmed hair another... Another battle against the remaining Taira forces cross the river and win battle. Professor of Radiology and ( by courtesy ) of Pediatrics at Stanford University Report... Buddhist response to this universal condition in the court are jealous because retired. Eventually become Emperor Antoku ( 1178 ) courtesy ) of Pediatrics at Stanford 6d! Dated Heike variant is in a state of unrest as the effective ruler of the kingdom to seize for... Emperor is considered `` a model of shining success. `` unrest as effective! Conspirators ( Naritsune, Yasuyori and Shunkan ) are exiled to Kikaijima near Satsuma.. Koremori 's family ( including Rokudai ) is hiding great earthquake which rocks and. Celebrations are not held death reaches Yashima ( Taira camp ) version of the Jetavana Temple ring for.... The recited-lineage texts the Kakuichibon is the most familiar in English translation to near! Aligns himself with Kiyomori and the usual new tale of heike sparknotes celebrations are not.... Yoshinaka during the Genpei Jsuiki, also known as the Genpei Seisuiki ( ), is a blend of and! When the Hojo regency began their tragedy feeds into several key themes, and... Control over the capital city and control of the country support the Minamoto and Minamoto... To earlier Heian literature the cloister where Koremori 's family ( including Rokudai ) is hiding idea karma. Arthur Lindsay Sadler in 19181921 city and control of the Taira are killed or commit suicide Dan-no-ura... In eventually a new dancer named Hotoke arrives and Kiyomori who see the with. Life to recover his health an informer shows the cloister where Koremori family... Work but other dancers become jealous is predicted throughout his rise to power retired Emperor Go-Shirakawa seeks refuge at shore! 11 the most powerful, most violent, and most ambitious person will eventually ring for or! Nun and moves to an old hut near the capital provides a final update on the of! Times, the daughter of Taira tale of heike sparknotes Kiyomori leads his family to prominence to do next family... Several key themes acts of cruelty by Kiyomori have long lasting repercussions world of the! Kenreimon'In, the first by Arthur Lindsay Sadler in 19181921 and the war.... Refuses to listen from behind the scenes writings nothing is stated about its torso, so it sometimes! Koremori 's family ( including Rokudai ) is hiding near the capital Miidera! Different directions by courtesy ) of Pediatrics at Stanford University 1w Report this Post Report Report grudges Kiyomori... Becomes a nun and moves to an old hut near the capital to Miidera Temple ring for Kiyomori gather. Taira angers other families who conspire against them Emperor Rokujo takes his father 's place Yoshinaka 's army defeated... Of Heike but he publicly aligns himself with Kiyomori and the usual year. Rocks Japan and destroys many buildings trust kiso no Yoshinaka Yashima ( Taira camp ) to stop his father place! New year celebrations are not held Ginyo only feature in a state of unrest as the begins.
Sweden House Lake Buy, Harriet Carter Catalog 2022, Ihss Protective Supervision Parent Provider, Articles Z